COVID-19 in Brazil: political interference and institutional fragmentation in health crisis management

Abstract

This paper analyzes the political and institutional management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, with a focus on the initial response, the role of federal leadership, and the consequences of fragmented governance. It explores how the country’s public health structures, initially mobilized through surveillance and emergency protocols, were gradually undermined by political interference, especially from the Federal Executive. The study highlights the use of Epidemiological Bulletins not only as technical tools but also as instruments of political rhetoric, reshaped to align with the government’s interests. The frequent changes in the Ministry of Health’s leadership and the conflicting public narratives weakened coordinated action, generating confusion among local authorities and the population. In addition, institutional actors and scientific organizations responded in polarized ways, further reflecting the broader social and political divisions. The analysis underscores how Brazil’s pandemic management became a stage for ideological disputes, compromising evidence-based strategies and the integrity of public health communication. Finally, the paper discusses the post-pandemic institutional landscape, emphasizing the need for transparent leadership, restoration of scientific credibility, and reinforcement of the Unified Health System as central to future emergency preparedness.